Série com a Harpia, Gavião-real, Gavião-de-penacho, Uiruuetê, Uiraçu, Uraçu, Cutucurim e Uiraçu-verdadeiro (Harpia harpyja) - Series with the Harpy Eagle - 26-10-3013 - IMG_8485

Fotografada no Zoológico de Brasília, Brasil.
globotv.globo.com/rede-globo/globo-reporter/v/acompanhe-o...

Texto, em português, da WIKIPÉDIA, a Enciclopédia livre.
inglês:
Harpy Eagle
Checo:
harpyje pralesní
alemão:
Harpyie
dinamarquês:
Harpy
espanhol:
Arpía Mayor
finlandês:
harpyija
francês:
Harpie féroce
italiano:
Arpia americana
Japonês:
ougiwashi
japonês:
オウギワシ
neerlandês:
Harpij
Norueguês:
Harpyørn
Polonês:
harpia wielka
português:
Gavião-real
Portuguęs (Brasil):
Gavião-real
Russo:
Гарпия
Eslovaco:
harpya opičiarka
Sueco:
Harpyja
Mandarim:
角雕
Harpias
As harpias (em grego, ἅρπυιαι) são criaturas da mitologia grega, frequentemente representadas como aves de rapina com rosto de mulher e seios1 . Na história de Jasão, as harpias foram enviadas para punir o cego rei trácio Fineu, roubando-lhe a comida em todas as refeições . Os argonautas Zetes e Calais, filhos de Bóreas e Orítia, libertaram Fineu das hárpias, que, em agradecimento, mostrou a Jasão e os argonautas o caminho para passar pelas Simplégades. Eneias e seus companheiros, depois da queda de Troia, na viagem em direção à Itália, pararam na ilha das Harpias; mataram animais dos rebanhos delas, as atacaram quando elas roubaram as carnes, e ouviram de uma das Harpias terríveis profecias a respeito do restante de sua viagem.
Segundo Hesíodo, as harpias eram irmãs de Íris, filhas de Taumante e a oceânide Electra, e seus nomes eram Aelo (a borrasca), Celeno (a obscura) e Ocípete (a rápida no vôo). Higino lista os filhos de Taumante e Electra como Íris e as hárpias, Celeno, Ocípete e Aelo5 , mas, logo depois, dá as hárpias como filhas de Taumante e Oxomene

A harpia (Harpia harpyja), também chamada gavião-real, gavião-de-penacho, uiruuetê, uiraçu, uraçu, cutucurim e uiraçu-verdadeiro, é a mais pesada e uma das maiores aves de rapina do mundo, com envergadura de 2,5 metros e peso de até 10 quilogramas.

Etimologia
"Harpia" é uma referência ao ser da mitologia grega. Por causa do tamanho e ferocidade do animal, os primeiros exploradores europeus da América Central nomearam estas águias em função das monstruosas meio-mulheres/meio-águias da mitologia grega clássica. "Gavião-de-penacho" e "gavião-real" são referências ao penacho na cabeça característico da espécie, com um formato semelhante ao de uma coroa. "Uiruuetê" é um termo tupi que contém o termo e'tê, "verdadeiro". "Uiraçu" veio do termo tupi para "ave grande"

Descrição
Ambos os sexos têm uma crista de penas largas que levantam quando ouvem algum ruído. Como as corujas, elas têm um disco facial de penas menores que pode focar ondas sonoras para melhorar suas capacidades auditivas. A harpia possui, como principais características físicas, olhos pequenos, um longo topete, a crista com duas penas maiores e uma cauda com três faixas cinzentas, que pode medir até 2/3 do comprimento da asa.
Esta ave da família Accipitridae possui asas largas e redondas, pernas curtas e grossas, e dedos extremamente fortes, com enormes garras, capazes até de levantar um carneiro do chão. Sua cabeça é cinza, o papo e a nuca, negros, e o peito, a barriga e a parte de dentro das asas, brancos. Tem entre 50 a 90 centímetros de altura, uma envergadura de até 2,5 metros e um peso variando entre 4 e 5,5 quilogramas quando macho e entre 6 e 9 quilogramas quando fêmea.
As harpias são predadores tremendamente eficazes, com garras mais compridas do que as de um urso-cinzento. É uma águia adaptada ao voo acrobático em ambientes florestais de espaços fechados. Elas se aproximam morfologicamente (não se sabe se filogeneticamente) de várias outras aves de rapina tropicais de grande tamanho adaptadas à caça de grandes animais arborícolas como macacos, preguiças, lêmures etc., tais como a águia-coroada africana, a águia-das-filipinas e a águia-da-nova-guiné. Todas essas são chamadas de "águias-pega-macaco" em suas localidades de origem devido ao grande porte, que coloca animais maiores, como macacos, em seu cardápio.
O habitat principal são as florestas tropicais e a espécie se dispersa geograficamente do México à Bolívia, na Argentina e em grande parte do Brasil, notadamente no Amazonas, vivendo em árvores altas, dentro de vasta mata, onde constrói seus ninhos. Habitava as matas brasileiras de forma abrangente. Hoje, pode ser encontrado na Amazônia e visto raramente na Mata Atlântica. Na região amazônica da Guiana, onde foi bem estudado, verificou-se que é um predador sobretudo de mamíferos.
É pássaro nacional e está desenhada no brasão do Panamá. Está desenhada no brasão de armas do estado do Paraná, no Brasil. É o símbolo do Museu Nacional, no Rio de Janeiro. É também símbolo e estampa o escudo da tropa de elite da Polícia Federal do Brasil, o Comando de Operações Táticas. Faz parte do símbolo do 4º Batalhão de Aviação do Exército Brasileiro. Denomina um esquadrão da Força Aérea Brasileira, o 7º/8º Esquadrão Harpia. É o designativo das aeronaves do Núcleo de Operações e Transporte Aéreo da Polícia Militar do Estado do Espírito Santo. É o animal em que foi baseada o personagem Fawkes, a fênix, do filme Harry Potter e a Câmara Secreta. É capaz de exercer uma pressão de 42 kgf/cm² (4,1 MPa ou 530 lbf/in²) com suas garras.
Pode erguer mais de 3/4 de seu peso. As garras da harpia são tão fortes que são capazes de esmigalhar um crânio humano. É a águia mais pesada da atualidade e a águia-das-filipinas é a única águia viva que se compara a ela em tamanho. Entretanto, a extinta águia-de-haast da Nova Zelândia era aproximadamente 50% maior do que ela. Dá nome ao projeto de inteligência artificial mantido pelo Serviço Federal de Processamento de Dados. Em 15 de janeiro de 2009, nasceu um filhote de harpia no Refúgio Biológico de Itaipu. Com 100 gramas de massa, é o primeiro filhote a nascer com sucesso em cativeiro no sul do Brasil.6

Hábitos
É rápida e possante em suas investidas. É tão forte fisicamente que consegue erguer um carneiro sem maiores dificuldades. Ela voa alternando rápidas batidas de asa com planeio. Tem um assobio longo e estridente e, nas horas quentes do dia, costuma voar em círculos sobre florestas e campos próximos. As harpias conservam energia se empoleirando silenciosamente, vendo e ouvindo por longos períodos de tempo. Elas caçam com curtas e rápidas investidas. As fêmeas, maiores, caçam presas mais pesadas do que os menores, mais ágeis e rápidos machos. Estas técnicas complementares podem aumentar as chances de sucesso na obtenção de comida. Grandes presas, como preguiças e macacos, costumam ser consumidas parcialmente até poderem ser transportadas para o ninho.

Reprodução
As harpias, como as águias em geral, são monogâmicas, unindo-se por toda a vida. Elas fazem ninhos em árvores muito altas, com galhos bem separados, de até 40 metros de altura. O casal dá uma cria a cada dois ou três anos. O período reprodutivo vai de junho a novembro e o período de incubação é de 2 meses. As fêmeas depositam um ovo ou dois, mas, caso ambos os ovos sejam incubados com sucesso, em condições naturais somente o primogênito sobrevive, já que o filhote maior invariavelmente matará o menor (este "cainismo" é comum a várias espécies de águia, e permite estratégias de conservação baseadas na remoção do filhote menor do ninho para criação artificial).
O filhote testa suas asas com seis meses. No entanto, fica sob os cuidados dos pais, sendo alimentado, por outros seis a dez meses, mantendo, assim, uma longa dependência. A maturidade sexual é atingida aos quatro ou cinco anos e o indivíduo pode retornar ao mesmo ninho em que nasceu.

Perigos à sua sobrevivência
Destruição de seu habitat, uma vez que necessita de grandes áreas para viver. Atualmente, a harpia encontra-se praticamente restrita à floresta amazônica.
É ameaçada pela caça predatória, por ser considerada perigosa para as criações de animais domésticos.
De acordo com a ONG estadunidense Peregrine Fund, que se dedica à proteção internacional de aves de rapina diurnas, a harpia é uma espécie "dependente de conservação", na medida em que o declínio da espécie em toda a sua área de ocorrência, produzido principalmente pelo desmatamento, exige políticas ativas de conservação e/ou reprodução em cativeiro, que impeçam que a ave se torne uma espécie imediatamente ameaçada de extinção. O Peregrine Fund realizou, aliás, algumas experiências bem-sucedidas de criação em cativeiro e libertação de harpia em uma reserva florestal no Panamá.

A text, in english, from Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia.

Harpy Eagle

The Harpy Eagle (Harpia harpyja) is a Neotropical species of eagle. It is sometimes known as the American Harpy Eagle to distinguish it from the Papuan Eagle which is sometimes known as the New Guinea Harpy Eagle or Papuan Harpy Eagle. It is the largest and most powerful raptor found in the Americas, and among the largest extant species of eagles in the world. It usually inhabits tropical lowland rainforests in the upper (emergent) canopy layer. Destruction of its natural habitat has seen it vanish from many parts of its former range, and it is nearly extirpated in Central America. In Brazil, the Harpy Eagle is also known as Royal-Hawk (in Portuguese: Gavião-Real).

Taxonomy
The Harpy Eagle was first described by Linnaeus in his Systema Naturae in 1758 as Vultur harpyja, after the mythological beast harpy. The only member of the genus Harpia, the Harpy Eagle is most closely related to the Crested Eagle (Morphnus guianensis) and the New Guinea Harpy Eagle (Harpyopsis novaeguineae), the three composing the subfamily Harpiinae within the large family Accipitridae. Previously thought to be related, the Philippine Eagle has been shown by analysis of DNA to belong elsewhere in the raptor family as it is related to the Circaetinae.
Its name refers to the Harpies of Ancient Greek mythology. These were wind spirits that took the dead to Hades, and were said to have a body like an eagle and the face of a human.

Description
The upper side of the Harpy Eagle is covered with slate black feathers, and the underside is mostly white, except for the feathered tarsi, which are striped black. There is a broad black band across the upper breast, separating the gray head from the white belly. The head is pale grey, and is crowned with a double crest. The upper side of the tail is black with three gray bands, while the underside of it is black with three white bands. The iris is gray or brown or red, the cere and bill are black or blackish and the tarsi and toes are yellow. The plumage of male and female is identical. The tarsus is up to 13 cm (5.1 in) long.
Female Harpy Eagles typically weigh 6 to 9 kg (13 to 20 lb). One source states that adult females can scale up to 10 kg (22 lb). An exceptionally large captive female, "Jezebel", weighed 12.3 kg (27 lb). Being captive, this large female may not be representative of the weight possible in wild Harpy Eagles due to differences in the food availability. The male, in comparison, is much smaller and weighs only about 4 to 4.8 kg (8.8 to 11 lb). Harpy Eagles are 86.5–107 cm (2 ft 10 in–3 ft 6 in) long and have a wingspan of 176 to 224 cm (5 ft 9 in to 7 ft 4 in). Among the standard measurements, the wing chord measures 54–63 cm (1 ft 9 in–2 ft 1 in), the tail measures 37–42 cm (1 ft 3 in–1 ft 5 in), the tarsus is 11.4–13 cm (4.5–5.1 in) long and the exposed culmen from the cere is 4.2 to 6.5 cm (1.7 to 2.6 in).
It is sometimes cited as the largest eagle alongside the Philippine Eagle, that is somewhat longer on average and the Steller's Sea Eagle, that is slightly heavier on average. The wingspan of the Harpy Eagle is relatively small, an adaptation that increases maneuverability in forested habitats and is shared by other raptors in similar habitats. The wingspan of the Harpy Eagle is surpassed by several large eagles who live in more open habitats, such as those in the Haliaeetus and Aquila genera. The extinct Haast's Eagle was significantly larger than all extant eagles, including the Harpy.
This species is largely silent away from the nest. There, the adults give a penetrating, weak, melancholy scream, with the incubating male's call described as "whispy screaming or wailing".[19] The females calls while incubating are similar but are lower pitched. While approaching the nest with food, the male calls out "rapid chirps, goose-like calls, and occasional sharp screams". Vocalization in both parents decreases as the nestlings age, while the nestlings become more vocal. The nestlings call Chi-chi-chi...chi-chi-chi-chi, seemingly in alarm in respond to rain or direct sunlight. When humans approach the nest, the nestlings have been described as uttering croaks, quacks and whistles.

Distribution and habitat
Rare throughout its range, the Harpy Eagle is found from Mexico (almost extinct), through Central America and into South America to as far south as Argentina. The eagle is most common in Brazil, where it is found across the entire national territory. With the exception of some areas of Panama, the species is almost extinct in Central America, subsequent to the logging of much of the rainforest there. The Harpy Eagle inhabits tropical lowland rainforests and may occur within such areas from the canopy to the emergent vegetation. They typically occur below an elevation of 900 m (3,000 ft) but have been recorded at elevations of up to 2,000 m (6,600 ft). Within the rainforest, they hunt in the canopy or sometimes on the ground, and perch on emergent trees looking for prey. They do not generally occur in disturbed areas but will regularly visit semi-open forest/pasture mosaic, mainly in hunting forays. Harpies, however, can be found flying over forest borders in a variety of habitats, such as cerrados, caatingas, buriti palm stands, cultivated fields and cities. They have been found in areas where high-grade forestry is practiced.

Behavior

Feeding
The Harpy Eagle is an actively hunting carnivore and is an apex predator, meaning that adults are at the top of a food chain and have no natural predators. Its main prey are tree-dwelling mammals and a majority of the diet has been shown to focus on sloths and monkeys. Research conducted by Aguiar-Silva between 2003 and 2005 in a nesting site in Parintins, Amazonas, Brazil, collected remains from prey offered to the nestling and after sorting them, concluded that, in terms of individuals preyed upon, the harpy's prey basis was composed in 79% by sloths from two species: Bradypus variegatus amounting to 39% of the individual prey base, and Choloepus didactylus to 40%; various monkeys amounted to 11.6% of the same prey base. In a similar research venture in Panama, where a couple of captive-bred subadults was released, 52% of the male's captures and 54% of the female's were of two sloth species (Bradypus variegatus and Choloepus hoffmanni). At one Venezuelan nest, all remains found around the nest site were comprised by sloths. Monkeys regularly taken can include capuchin monkeys, saki monkeys, howler monkeys, titi monkeys, squirrel monkeys and spider monkeys. Smaller monkeys, such as tamarins and marmosets, are seemingly ignored as prey by this species. At several nest in Guyana, monkeys made up approximately 37% of the prey remains found at the nests. Similarly, cebid monkeys made up 35% of the remains found at 10 nest in Amazonian Ecuador. Other partially arboreal mammals are also predated given the opportunity, including porcupines, squirrels, opossums, anteaters, and even relatively large carnivores such as kinkajous, coatis and tayras. In the Pantanal, a pair of nesting eagles preyed largely on the porcupine Coendou prehensilis and on the agouti Dasyprocta azarae. The eagle may also attack bird species such as macaws: At the Parintins research site, the Red-and-green Macaw made up for 0.4% of the prey base, with other birds amounting to 4.6%. Other parrots, including the large Hyacinth Macaw, have also been predated, as well as cracids such as curassows and seriemas. Additional prey items reported include reptiles such as iguanas, tejus and snakes. Snakes of up to 5 cm (2.0 in) in diameter have been observed to be cut in half, then the pieces are swallowed whole. On occasion, larger prey such as capybaras, peccaries and deer are taken and they are usually taken to a stump or low branch and partially eaten, since they are too heavy to be carried whole to the nest. Red brocket deer, a species commonly weighing over 30 kg (66 lb), have been reportedly predated and, in such cases, the eagle may have to tear it into pieces or feed on at the killing site rather than fly with as it would be too heavy. The Harpy have been recorded as taking domestic livestock, including chickens, lambs, goats and young pigs, but this is extremely rare under normal circumstances. They control population of mesopredators such as capuchin monkeys which prey extensively on bird's eggs and which (if not naturally controlled) may cause local extinctions of sensitive species.
The Harpy Eagle routinely takes prey weighing more than 7 kg (15 lb). The harpy eagle possess the largest talons of any living eagle. The Harpy's feet are extremely powerful and can exert a pressure of 42 kgf/cm² (4.1 MPa or 530 lbf/in2 or 400 N/cm2) with its talons. The Harpy Eagle has been recorded as lifting prey up to equal their own body weight. That allows the bird to snatch a live sloth from tree branches, as well as other huge prey items. Males usually take relatively smaller prey, with a typical range of 0.5 to 2.5 kg (1.1 to 5.5 lb) or about half their own weight. The larger females take larger prey, with a minimum recorded prey weight of around 2.7 kg (6.0 lb). Adult female Harpys regularly grab large male howler or spider monkeys or mature sloths weighing 6 to 9 kg (13 to 20 lb) in flight and fly off without landing, an enormous feat of strength. Prey items taken to the nest by the parents are normally medium-sized, having been recorded from 1 to 4 kg (2.2 to 8.8 lb). The prey brought to the nest by males averaged 1.5 kg (3.3 lb), while the prey brought to the nest by females averaged 3.2 kg (7.1 lb).
Sometimes, Harpy Eagles are "sit-and-wait" predators (common in forest-dwelling raptors).[9] In Harpies, this consists of perching and watching for long time intervals from a high perch near an opening, a river or salt-lick (where many mammals go to feed for nutrients). The more common hunting technique of the species is perch-hunting, which consists of scanning around for prey activity while briefly perched between short flights from tree to tree. When prey is spotted, the eagle quickly dives and grabs the prey.[9] On occasion, Harpy Eagles may also hunt by flying within or above the canopy. They have also been observed tail-chasing, a predation style common to hawks that hunt birds, the Accipiters. This comprises the eagle pursuing another bird in flight, rapidly dodging among trees and branches, which requires both speed and agility.

Breeding
In ideal habitats, nests may be fairly close together. In some parts of Panama and Guyana, active nests were located 3 km (1.9 mi) away from one another, while they are within 5 km (3.1 mi) of each other in Venezuela. In Peru, the average distance between nests was 7.4 km (4.6 mi) and the average area occupied by each breeding pairs was estimated at 4,300 ha (11,000 acres). In less ideal areas, with fragemented forest, breeding territories were estimated at 25 km (16 mi). The female Harpy Eagle lays two white eggs in a large stick nest, which commonly measures 1.2 m (3.9 ft) deep and 1.5 m (4.9 ft) across and may be used over several years. Nests are located high up in a tree, usually in the main fork, at 16 to 43 m (52 to 141 ft), depending on the stature of the local trees. The harpy often builds its nest in the crown of the kapok tree, one of the tallest trees in South America. In many South American cultures it is considered bad luck to cut down the kapok tree, which may help safeguard the habitat of this stately eagle.[39] The bird also uses other huge trees to build its nest on, such as the Brazil nut tree. A nesting site found in the Brazilian Pantanal was built on a Cambará tree (Vochysia divergens).
There is no known display between pairs of eagles and they are believed to mate for life. A pair of Harpy Eagles usually only raise one chick every 2–3 years. After the first chick hatches, the second egg is ignored and normally fails to hatch unless the first egg perishes. The egg is incubated for around 56 days. When the chick is 36 days old, it can stand and walk awkwardly. The chick fledges at the age of 6 months, but the parents continue to feed it for another 6 to 10 months. The male captures much of the food for the incubating female and later the eaglet, but will also take an incubating shift while the female forages and also brings prey back to the nest. Breeding maturity is not reached until birds are 4 to 6 years of age. Adults can be aggressive toward humans who disturb the nesting site or appear to be a threat to its young.

Status and conservation
Although the Harpy Eagle still occurs over a considerable range, its distribution and populations have dwindled considerably. It is threatened primarily by habitat loss provoked by the expansion of logging, cattle ranching, agriculture and prospecting. Secondarily, it is threatened by being hunted as an actual threat to livestock and/or a supposed one to human life, due to its great size. Although not actually known to predate humans and only rarely a predator of domestic stock, the species' large size and nearly fearless behavior around humans reportedly make it an "irresistible target" for hunters. Such threats apply throughout its range, in large parts of which the bird has become a transient sight only: in Brazil, it was all but totally wiped out from the Atlantic rainforest and is only found in numbers in the most remote parts of the Amazon Basin; a Brazilian journalistic account of the mid-1990s already complained that at the time it was only found in numbers, in Brazilian territory, on the northern side of the Equator. Scientific 1990s records, however, suggest that the Harpy Atlantic Forest population may be migratory. Subsequent research in Brazil has established that, as of 2009, the Harpy Eagle, outside the Brazilian Amazon, is critically endangered in Espírito Santo, São Paulo and Paraná, endangered in Rio de Janeiro, and probably extirpated in Rio Grande do Sul and Minas Gerais – the actual size of their total population in Brazil is unknown.
Globally, The Harpy Eagle is considered Near Threatened by IUCN[1] and threatened with extinction by CITES (appendix I). The Peregrine Fund until recently considered it a "conservation-dependent species", meaning it depends on a dedicated effort for captive breeding and release to the wild as well as habitat protection in order to prevent it from reaching endangered status but now has accepted the Near Threatened status. The Harpy Eagle is considered critically endangered in Mexico and Central America, where it has been extirpated in most of its former range: in Mexico, it used to be found as far North as Veracruz, but today probably occurs only in Chiapas in the Selva Zoque. It is considered as Near Threatened or Vulnerable in most of the South American portion of its range: at the Southern extreme of its range, in Argentina, it's found only in the Parana Valley forests at the province of Misiones. It has disappeared from El Salvador, and almost so from Costa Rica.

National initiatives
Various initiatives for restoration of the species are currently afoot in various countries: Since 2002, Peregrine Fund initiated a conservation and research program for the Harpy Eagle in the Darién Province, Panama. A similar—and grander, given the dimensions of the countries involved—research project is currently occurring in Brazil, at the National Institute of Amazonian Research, through which 45 known nesting locations (presently updated to 62, only three outside the Amazonian Basin and all three presently inactive) are being monitored by researchers and volunteers from local communities. A Harpy Eagle chick has been fitted with a radio transmitter that allows it to be tracked for more than three years via a satellite signal sent to INPE (Brazilian National Institute for Space Research). Also, a photographic recording of a nest site in the Carajás National Forest is presently being made by the photographer for the Brazilian edition of National Geographic Magazine João Marcos Rosa.
In Belize, there exists The Belize Harpy Eagle Restoration Project. It began in 2003 with the collaboration of Sharon Matola, Founder & Director of The Belize Zoo and The Peregrine Fund. The goal of this project was the reestablishment of the Harpy Eagle within Belize. The population of the eagle declined as a result of forest fragmentation, shooting, and nest destruction, resulting in near extirpation of the species. Captive bred Harpy Eagles were released in the Rio Bravo Conservation and Management Area in Belize, chosen for its quality forest habitat and linkages with Guatemala and Mexico. Habitat linkage with Guatemala and Mexico were important for conservation of quality habitat and the Harpy Eagle on a regional level. As of November 2009, fourteen Harpy Eagles have been released and are monitored by the Peregrine Fund, through satellite telemetry.
In January 2009, a chick from the all but extirpated population in the Brazilian state of Paraná was hatched in captivity at the preserve kept at the vicinity of the Itaipu dam by the Brazilian/Paraguayan state-owned company Itaipu Binacional. In September 2009, an adult female, after being kept captive for twelve years in a private reservation, was fitted with a radiotransmitter before being restored to the wild in the vicinity of the Pau Brasil National Park (formerly Monte Pascoal NP), in the State of Bahia.
In December 2009, a 15th Harpy Eagle was released into the Rio Bravo Conservation and Management Area in Belize. The release was set to tie in with the United Nations Climate Change Conference 2009, in Copenhagen. The 15th eagle, nicknamed "Hope," by the Peregrine officials in Panama, was the "poster child" for forest conservation in Belize, a developing country, and the importance of these activities in relation to global warming and climate change. The event received coverage from Belize's major media entities, and was supported and attended by the U.S. Ambassador to Belize, Vinai Thummalapally, and British High Commissioner to Belize, Pat Ashworth.
In Colombia, as of 2007, a couple of Harpies composed of an adult male and a subadult female confiscated from wildlife trafficking were restored to the wild and monitored in Paramillo National Park in Córdoba, another couple being kept in captivity at a research center for breeding and eventual release. A monitoring effort with the help of volunteers from local Native American communities is also afoot in Ecuador, including the joint sponsorship of various Spanish universities—this effort being similar to another one going on since 1996 in Peru, centered around a Native Community in the Tambopata Province, Madre de Dios Region. Another monitoring project, begun in 1992, was operating as of 2005 in the state of Bolívar, Venezuela.

Taken on: October 26, 2013

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[No AI or SL] • An!mals • Fotógrafos Brasileiros / Brazilian Photographers • - I LOVE NATURE - • inspired | poetry in motion • NATUREPIX • FAVEPIX • All creatures great and small • Animal Eyes • Nature flowers animals and people photos • A Thing of Beauty is a Joy Forever. • When Nature Calls • I love FOTOGRAFIA • Animal Fun • Fabulous • I Am Grateful For... • Flickrholics Anonymous • Birding & Butterfly Enthusiasts • Nature Art Gallery • Birds , Birds Birds • Brasileiros no Flickr./ Brazilians in the Flickr. • Simply Nature • LOVELY! [tag "lovely1"] • Aves - Birds • without rules • A good subject : place at your imagination,... • WONDERFUL! : commented with "wonderful" • Full of colors • you can Canon • life is beautiful • Lindo (a), lindíssimo (a) • Prove a existência de Deus | Prove God's existence • documenta 12 - 2007 - Fotos - Kunst Ausstellung Kassel • SUPERB: commented with superb • Beauty is Simple • Animal Closeups • Rainbow Warriors • My best shot • Art by Nature • OUTSTANDING - Photos commented with "outstanding" • Where I live • Bird Fanatics! (No Limits) • simplicity • All God's Creatures • ANY PHOTOS ALL THE TIME!!!! • Eu amo a natureza / I love nature • Look at my pics! Post 1, View 1, Contest open now! • Flickr_Main • Nature's Favourites • No rules-Best rules !!! • Animal Magic >>> • Views: 25 • Favorites: 50 • Birds Special Interest Group • Unlimited Birds • Bird Images • photografos.com.br • *GreatPixGallery 20 Faves+ • Awesome Nature • NATURALMENTE • BIRDPIX (3/day) • Beauty of Nature • animals and nature • Bokeh: Smooth & Silky • The Magic of Nature • Sun-Kissed! Birds! (Sunlight on Birds) [Only the VERY BEST] • ***It's multi-colored!!!*** new rules/no black & white (p1~a2) • *amazing nature* • Flickr clickr • Animals World • *I Love Birds* • The Photo Of The Week ( Limit 1 per day!) • Birds and Bees and More • World Nature • Power of Photography • Beautiful Moments -Moments of the world! • Beautiful Bird Bokeh • Nature Notes • Add One, Favorite Another • :: Art in naturE :: • Your mind, your photos • LIFE! ❤ Nature*Moments*Emotion*FUN • World's Favorite (1 or more faves each) No limit of Faved Photo • Animal Addiction! *Post one, Comment one plse* • THE BIG GROUP • CentralFlickr • BiRDS are Beautiful • aves do brasil • flickrpedia - A Flickr-encyclopedia for Flora & Fauna • For Love Of Birds • animales pictures • ***FEATHERED FRIENDS*** • The Photos ... ( Please Comment ) • All things beautiful in Nature (no humans or man made objects) • QEMD "Finch" • Birds of the world • Avian Photography (Plz Comment). • 10 Million Photos • Beautiful is everything (Aquellas pequeñas cosas) • NO MORE 1 WORD • Primeira Impressão!! • Natureza Brasileira • FAUNA | all animals! • Animals & Insects Kingdom • "A" Class (comment 2) Pls, Comment immediately. • Photos with 1000 views (and more) • Originalidade do Olhar • Trophy • *Karma* • Flickrs_BEST - Invite your contacts • Mundo Animal • Criar / Different photos !! • Favorite Pictures • For Everyone • Flickrobsession / Flickrmania • Bichos(bichos) • Favorite Nature Pictures • * OUR WONDERFUL WORLD * • Birds Cri • Beautiful - Lindo ( Cri ) • *Animal Photography* • Passaros Coloridos • This Photo is Very "Me" - Please comment 1 photo in the group • The Magic of Colour • ! * Animals and Birds of all Sizes • **FlickrsBest** • El Paso Joe's Place - NO invite needed - Just great photos • Fave~My~Faves~~(please award 2 faves of your faves) • Brave Beautiful World - P1 / C1 please ... • F O T O C L U B E . c o m . b r • Beautiful Capture • Picture Collection • One Of A Kind • As Cores do Brasil / The Colors of Brazil / Colores del Brazil • The Friends Of Worldbirds • Photo de Jour • Flickr Elite Group • SJohnson's Fauna PLEASE READ: surgery complete doing well • So simple, so beautiful! • Pro Account Members • Find The Beauty • That's CLASSY! (Post 1 / Award 3) • "FRIENDS" P1/A2 • Nature Watching (Post 1 : Award 2) • Impressions & Expressions • Animals (All Kinds) • Bird Watching Group (BWG): Post 1 : Award 2 • Jalalspages Birds Watchers Album (Post One Comment One) • BBE - United Colours of Nature • Best Nature Shots • Poema • CLICK FLICK n GO • **Explore Unexplored!** (10 Favs & No Explored) • *Best of Flickr* (Comment 1 / invite 2) PHOTOS ONLY • Nature uses just a few shapes.../ A Natureza usa poucas formas • Fotos pelo Brasil • Happy Birthday Mainha - July 3rd - 3 de julho • Sharing Photos And Friendship • You lookin' at me? • All from A to Z (Please Comment on atleast 3 images per Visit) • Wonderful world Mix ( Post 1 - Comment 5.) Please!!! • CLOS3 TO RE@LITY=====>INVITE 3 AND COMMENT ON 3 PICTURES BEFOR • Nothing But The Best • ☼ O B J E K T I F ☼ • Pixel Imagem • Prismatic - Outstanding colors in Our world,TT5,Please vote • EXTREME PHOTOS !!! • My Kind of Picture Gallery • Conservation Photography • Animal Realm • NaturePhotographs • NATURE'S BEST • " EARTH NATURE (no humans, nothing manmade) • " Damn Cool Photographers in the WORLD " .♥.♥.♥ • Color of Ideas • APLAUSE ... • Birds as Art • Post The Best • Natureza, Obra de Deus (Nature, Work of God) • Elite Sharing Pool ~ A Family Group *Without* all the Rules! • Aves de Suramérica / Birds of South America • Rational Animals (Please Tag AR1) • "Smörgåsbord" (Unlimited Posting - Award 3) • PASSION PHOTOGRAPHY (COMMENTS PHOTO) • "3 word comments" ~ Four seasons --☆--☆ P 1 C1 • " MASTER CLASS PHOTOGRAPHY " • " NATURE _ Limited " ▬►Flora & Fauna◄▬ Landscape • ALL Welcome - I am sick of 'rules and regulations - New Contest • NATURE ♥ unlimited ♥ (Public Group Forever) • The David Attenborough group • " Life Is Great - C'est La Vie - So ist das Leben !" • Nature's Call. • flickr in full color [No Black & White !] • PERSONAL BEST - Preserving Meaningful Moments • "Unlimited Photos: No Rules" • Natur-Fotografie-Natur- • EXTREME of the EXTREME PHOTOS !!! • Conservation Revolution • BIRDS - OISEAUX - AVES (POST 1 / COMMENT 1) • Globe ecology • "This Photo Rocks!" (Post 7 - Award 3) • "World Trekker" (Post 7 - Award 3) • "Check Out My New Pics!" (Post 10-Award 3) • birds from all over the world • BRAZILIAN'S DAY BY DAY! Comment on your favourites! • soulful journey • The Best Picture Gallery! • As Cores do Centro-Oeste • Aves del mundo / Birds of the world • The Nature Reservoir - Version 2.0 • "The Living Face" • Non stiamo a pettinare le bambole • **Através da Minha Lente.. Through My Lens** Post 1 Award 3 • Fab Cap (add 1 award 3) • "Preguiça_de_Comentar" • Royal Group - Have a Good Light ! • ****FLiCkr High Quality Photography**** • Birds Photos - Check out the new discussions! • PLANETA TERRA E SEUS ANIMAIS INCRÍVEIS! (Post 1 Award 1) • SALVE A NATUREZA (Post 1 Award 1) • Earth Touch: Wildlife on the Web • Feathers+Beaks=Birds (P2 / C2) • Digital Eloquence - (Post 3 - Award 5) • All birds all the time • " ALL ANIMALS ( no people, no b&w, read group rules please) • Golden Palm( Only form NATURE) • La Vita è Bella !!! - Life is Beautiful !!! • Official National Geographic Group • ONLY ANIMALS (POST1,COMMENT1) • All Those Birds ~Post 1 Comment 2!~ • Incredible Nature • ! Quality Pixels! No 2nd Life Images • ***SCREAM OF THE PHOTOGRAPHER*** • Feathered Favorites • En armonía con la Naturaleza • !WORLD OF ANIMALS! (Post 1 and Comment 1 or more) • You made my day • GlobalBirdTrekkers • ♥To inside of Me (post 1/ award 2) • "FUN" - Flickrs of the United Nations • OUR PLANET - Pure Nature Only • DETAILS OF THE LIFE • Any Animals of the world • SUPER ***** FAVORITOS • PLANET EARTH OUR HOME • AVES BRASILEIRAS. • Birds birds birds birds! • ***FLICKRPEDIA*** House of Knowledge/Please comment on 3 • APRENDIZ BRASIL!!! CONHECER MAIS É FAZER MELHOR! • paololivorno'sfriends ( Post 1 - Award 2) • High Fidelity Photo Art • Amazing Capture ***No Rules, No Banning, No Sweepers*** • *The Feel of Photography* New Contest* Water Fowl* • VISÕES DA NATUREZA (Post 1 Award 1) • *****BOKEHLICIOUS IMAGE***** • Dismissing Explore-25+favs images with no explore(post 1 award1) • nature is all - all is nature • MARIPOSAS&BIRDS&FLORA&FAUNA&BUTTERFLY • Magical Moments ! (post 1 / comment 2) • ANIMALS are beautiful things in the WORLD (no cats) Award Please • " Your BEST of Today " - Through MY Eyes • Guia de Aves do Brasil • **THE BEST VISIONS** ( Post 01, Award 03 ) • Photographers Paradise • Enchanted Ambiance - Post 1/Comment 3 • Bem Flickr...Bem Brasil • NATURE'S - CREATIONS • Birds-world • Lover of nature • National Geographic | World Wide • Natura per tutti • Earth's Natural Colors • Show us your best • * Birdwatch (post 1~award 1) {new award} • MY CAMERA NEVER LIES (P1+A3)Sweeper Active • The Neighborhood Ecologist • EARTH - Through Your Eyes • Beautiful Biology • Above All the Rest and Simply the BEST (P.1 A.3) SWEEPER ACTIVE • ***ANIMALS INTERNATIONAL*** New Title/Awards (NO PEOPLE) • The Best....in foco - Natureza - Poste 6 comente a da direita • Pássaros/Birds/Aves • AVES SIN FRONTERAS / Subes 1, comenta 3. (1 post / 3 comments.) • Comportamento Animal • Bokeh and Beyond (post 1 - award 3) • Abecedario de fotografìas: Un silencio interior • INTENSOS ANIMALES / Intense animals • !* THE BEAUTY OF ☙THE NATURE❧ *Post 1 Award & Fave 3 please • NATURALEZA EN MAGINA • Brazil´s Diversity • You'r Best Nature Image(Post2+Comment5) • Animals Images ( Post.2+Comment 5 )*Sweeper Active* • ! * Flickr Hive Mind Group / Administration • Nature's Treasures *Post 1 - Award 3* *Sweeper Active* • O mundo dos bichos/The world of animals(P1.C1) • LIVRO BRASIL POR BRASILEIROS • •★*Gallery of Wonders •★*HIGH QUALITY ONLY P1-A2 • ☼ Give Me Five - comment next 2 picture • Being a part of surroundings / Faça a sua parte P1/C2 • Brasilfotos Mil • * * Nossas Vidas / Nosso Mundo * Our Life / Our World * * • FOTAZOS • Las 4 estaciones&The 4 seasons. Vivaldi (P 1/C 2) • NON SOLO FIORI,LA NATURA VISTA ATTRAVERSO IL NOSTRO OBIETTIVO • * ALL COLLECTIONS - and PATTERNS, TEXTURES, DETAILED STUDIES * • Wir lieben Tiere/We love animals • Remains to be Seen • Mordus de photos Nature • !* Nature of Diversity *♥* Nature, NO people! *♥* P1/A2 • Natyrë / Nature • Birds of the world/ Oiseaux du monde • THE BEAUTIFUL ♥ GUIDE TO THE GOOD TIMES!**POST REGULARLY** • !!* Secrets Treasures of Paradise/ NO flowers or Insects!! • VIVEIRO DE AVES “Celi Aurora" (Add 1 Award 1) • *****THE BEAUTIFULIST! ♥ [selection][bellissima] ♥ GROUP • Have a Nice Day!!! • Stealing Beauty ★ Beleza Roubada [P5-P0] • ! *No hay camino para la paz, la paz es el camino! • H and G Animals only • ! * KoolPics * Moderated * P1/A1 • A Cara do Brasil • !* The Beauty of Nature/ NO people! NO single buildings! P1/C2 • Planet: Birds • !* Friends Playground NEW P1 / C2 :-)) • Mãe Natureza • ! * Fantastic Nature Group *Moderated* » Post 1 and Award 1 « • !* Dagmar's Fauna Farm ϡ NO insects please! • To be born Happy ☺ Pro dia nascer Feliz • Earth creates - We are the users ♣ P1/A2 • AWESOME BIRDS ! (Award 2 Please) • ***Naturally Wonderful***[100% NATURE]NO PEOPLE/BUILDINGS/BOATS • Camera Camaraderie • Passaros • !!!* FLORA AND FAUNA ONLY *P1/C1* (NO PEOPLE) • All Birds International • Birds, aves, patos, ducks, gansos, geeses, gooses, pigeons • living in harmony with nature • :: | Bird Photography |:: • 🐻 Animal's Magical Reign 🐹 No People ! Post1-Cmt3 • !* R.S.V.P. ♥ Something from the heart ♥ P1/C2 • ''Animals & Birds group'' • NATURAL BEAUTY P1 C1 • Aves de Brasília • THE BEAUTIFUL PHOTOGRAPHY CLUB! CORDIALLY YOURS! • sweetness of life with nature • Digital Masterpiece • [][][]Nature.. Light and Color[][][] • BOKEH PAINTING • Love for Photography ♥ Amor pela Fotografia ♥ P1/A2 • *****OUR BEAUTIFUL PLANET! YOUR BEAUTIFUL PHOTOGRAPHY!***** • *****THE BEAUTIFUL ELEMENT CALLED PHOTOGRAPHY!***** • Exister c'est vivre • OPEN SPACE FOR PHOTOGRAPHY!* • ♥ BEAUTIFUL ♥ COMPOSITION ♥ • Love for Life --- Amor pela vida! Post 1 comment 1 • FIVE STARS ★★★★★ [P1-C2] Invite Only • ****BEAUTIFUL FLICKR COMPOSITION**** • ***BEAUTIFUL WORLDVIEWS*** • The planet earth asks for help! - O planeta terra pede ajuda! • Beauty In Our Lives - Post 1 = Comment 1. Quality only! • Aves do Brasil - Brazil's Birds - Oiseaux du Brésil • Club of Friendship! Clube da Amizade! P1/ A1 • Colours Strong • 🌐 WONDERS OF EARTH -Post 1 - Cmt 2- • ~Adorable Shot~ • !* Fantastic Nature Gallery ❣ Nature! NO PEOPLE ❣ P1-A2 • Union of Free Photographers • Birds - Vögel - Oiseaux - Uccelli • Bokeh Photography (1/day) • FIELD GUIDE OF BIRDS • !!* ღHeart & Soul Photographyღ No 2end Life! Post 1/C3 • !* DON'T WORRY BE HAPPYdeixe o brilho do amor uma luz em voce • Ode to joy / Ode à alegria • Regarde avec le Coeur • Close Up - best of!!! • Relax - it's sunday! P1/C1 • * Very amazing photos of nature * (P1/A4) • ♥♥♥♥MASTER BIRD WINGS SH0TS♥♥♥♥ • Flickr OBSESSION' • Biomas do Brasil • Animals & Plants (1 post + 3 awards) • !* A hug is worth a thousand words* NO Nudity & NO Sales! • Miracle de la vie - Luiza and Mickael for a new better world • !* Sighs of the Heart ♥ Sospiri del Cuore ♥ • Beautiful Birds... • -- AMORE PER LA NATURA - P1/C2 • *Echoes of Nature • !* Antologia Poetica / Poetic Anthology - By Odete de Paula • The art of sowing stars / A arte de semear estrelas • Enchanting Atmospheres & Evocative Sensations P1/C2 • !* Only birds from around the world * ! P1/C2 • "Watch The Birdie" P2 C2***Only birds*** NO OTHER IMAGES • !* Joy in process 😍 NO Transports !! • ♥♥♥♥ ANIMALS IN THE W0RLD ♥♥♥♥ • Your view through the camera lens • !* Painting with Mother Nature * Pure Nature! P1/C2 • Tell Me What You Think (post 1-2 real comments) • Memories are photographs that records the heart • Because every picture has a story to tell* NO Sales NO Nude • Be Light the Art of Everyday - NO TRANSPORTS, READ RULES! • Libro de Fotos / Photo Book • ***FLORA *FAUNA *from around the world*** • Naturaleza de zAMORa y del MUNDO • Now, Look at the Camera (Award at Least 3) • NUESTRAS FOTOGRAFÍAS. • Nature From A To Z, Post 1 / Award 2 • Animales por el mundo • Flickr center • SHOOT WITH PASSION • The Joy of Living ... / A Alegria de Viver ... • The Sweetness of Silence ◙ A Doçura do Silêncio ◙ • Views: 50,000 • ♥Nature's Magical & Exceptional Art♥ • ***IO Sò VOLARE*** • Solo Belle Foto! Just Beautiful Photos! • Life is so fleeting! La vie est si éphémère! • ***Fiori * Animali * da tutto il mondo*** • terra planeta : natura • * Everybodys Photo Group *(All Welcome) • La natura che...Vale • **FLORA & FAUNA INTERNATIONAL** 100%Nature~NO People/Buildings • medulaparamateo~for a better world (#M4M) please award 2 • *Mágico Mundo Natural * Magical Natural World * • Treasures of the World • Olhos de Animais • ***ALL KINDS OF MACROS & CLOSE-UPS INTERNATIONAL*** (P1~A1) • * Ojos, Miradas y Sonrisas * Eyes, Looks and Smiles * • 50,000 Views Unlimited 50000 • Close up Animals • "Daily Photos International" (post 1 ~ comment 1) • Canon • "Bright & Luminous Photos & Art International" • ♣Mother Nature!! • Magic of Photography • Nature ~ • A FEAST FOR MY EYES (Public Group) • "A FEAST for the EYES INTERNATIONAL" (post 1 ~ comment 1) • This is Nature • EN DEHORS DES SENTIERS BATTUS (18+) • !*ALL ARE WELCOME*! • Nature and all that is beautiful • My BEAUTIFUL BIRD SHOT - ( POST 1 AWARD 1 ) !! • Brasil - BR • This is Why I Bought A Camera • Top Photography... • Vita es Splendor and friends • THROUGH THE LENSES THROUGH THE EYES • Birds Portraits • PHOTOJOY • " All BIRDs of PREY " • Nos regards sur la Faune • Bird Beat • Only P.P.P. • Momentos para no olvidar • ! Images • * just photos * no rules please use comment code appreciated • Breaking The Photo • Friends Who Like Flickr • The best picture of the world • Birdwatching in the World • !*Natures Beauty*! • * * Nature + Wildlife - (The best of) * * • !*PLANET EARTH*! • ! What you Want ( 1 Per Day!!! ) • *** Nikon,Canon,Sony,Fuji,Leica,Pentax,Iphone,Huawei,Samsung ... • *** Nature, Animal, Landscape *** • * no limits, just quality photography! « less

Camera: Canon EOS 50D, f/9.0, 1/250 sec, 500mm, ISO 400 (more info) (hide info)

Camera:	Canon EOS 50D
Aperture:	f/9.0
Exposure Time:	0.004 sec (1/250)
Focal Length:	500mm
ISO:	400
Exposure Bias:	0 EV
Flash:	On, Fired
Exposure Program:	Portrait
Exposure Mode:	Auto
Metering Mode:	Multi-segment
White Balance:	Auto
Color Space:	sRGB
Software:	Adobe Photoshop CS4 Macintosh
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