365-314 Victorian Cotton Mill Owner, Styal, UK

Quarry Bank Mill in Cheshire, England, is one of the best preserved textile mills of the Industrial Revolution and is now a museum of the cotton industry. It is a Grade II listed building and is now in the care of the National Trust.

The mill was founded by Samuel Greg (who is represented here), in 1784 in the village of Styal on the River Bollin. Its original iron water wheel was designed by Thomas Hewes and built between 1816 and 1820.

The Hewes wheel finally broke in 1904. After that the River Bollin continued to power the mill, through two water turbines. Today the Mill is home to the most powerful working waterwheel in Europe, an iron water wheel which was originally at Glasshouses Mill at Patley Bridge. This wheel was designed by Sir William Fairbairn, the Scottish engineer who had been an apprentice of Thomas Hewes.

The estate surrounding the mill, also developed by Greg, is the most complete and least altered factory colony of the Industrial Revolution. The estate and mill were donated to the National Trust in 1939 by Alexander Carlton Greg and are open to the public. The mill continued in commercial production until 1959.

The Greg family were Unitarians and built Norcliffe Chapel in Styal village. Their non-conformist religious beliefs provided the Gregs with important business contacts as many of the major Manchester Industrialists were Unitarian. Methodist workers at the mill later sought a place of worship, and the Gregs converted a grain store in Styal village into a Chapel for their use.

In Britain, a cotton mill is a factory that houses spinning and weaving machinery. Typically built between 1775 and 1930, mills spun cotton which was an important product during the Industrial Revolution.

Cotton mills, and the mechanisation of the spinning process, were instrumental in the growth of the machine tool industry, enabling the construction of larger cotton mills. The requirement for water helped stimulate the construction of the canal system, and the need for power the development of steam engines.

Limited companies were developed to construct the mills. This led to the trading floors of the cotton exchange of Manchester (now the Royal Excahnge Theatre), which in its turn created a vast commercial city. At the top of the town hall in Manchester sits a golden cotton seed, its basis for its wealth.

The mills also created extra employment, leading to the expansion of local populations and the need for extra housing. In response, mill towns with municipal governments were created. The mills provided independent incomes for girls and women. Child labour was used in the mills, and the factory system led to organised labour.

Poor conditions in cotton mills became the subject of exposes and the Factory Acts were written to regulate them. The cotton mill was originally a Lancashire phenomenon that then was copied in New England and later in the southern states of America.

In the twentieth century, North West England lost its supremacy to the United States, then India and then China. In the twenty-first century redundant mills have been accepted as part of a country's industrial heritage.

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Taken in: United Kingdom / England / Styal (show map)

Taken on: May 2, 2010

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Camera: Canon EOS 5D Mark II, f/10.0, 1/200 sec, 39mm, ISO 250 (more info) (hide info)

Camera:	Canon EOS 5D Mark II
Aperture:	f/10.0
Exposure Time:	0.005 sec (1/200)
Focal Length:	39mm
ISO:	250
Color Space:	sRGB
Software:	Adobe Photoshop CS4 Windows
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